耕地损毁鉴定指标体系研究

耕地损毁主要包括以下五种类型:耕地地面硬化、耕地地面塌陷、耕地挖损、耕地压占和耕地污染,笔者在分析耕地损毁类型特征基础之上,提出了耕地损毁鉴定体系指标选取的原则:综合性原则、分类指导原则、可操作性原则和耕地破坏程度认定与耕地恢复难易程度认定相当原则,由此得到耕地损毁程度的评价指标,采用层次分析法建立耕地损毁评价指标体系,并提出了完善法律法规,依法治理损毁、分类治理利用,推进耕地复垦、引导科学种田,加强耕地保护、创新防控机制等治理对策。研究结果可为耕地损毁鉴定、复垦方案的编制、复垦措施提供现实指导意义。     

不同补水方式下砂壤土渗滤系统对硝态氮去除效果

在水资源短缺的北京地区利用再生水回补城市河湖,一方面对于水资源的可持续利用有着十分重要的作用,另一方面也可能带来地下水环境的潜在污染风险.该文采用100 cm砂壤土柱模拟(河湖岸底)土地渗滤系统,设置定水头淹水、交替淹水落干、定流速补水和侧向补水4种不同再生水回补方式,研究再生水中硝态氮(NO3-N)在土地渗滤系统中的去除效果和迁移转化规律.结果表明,当水力负荷在0.25~2.65 cm/d范围内时,渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除率随着水力负荷的增大而减小;侧向补水方式下渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除效果最优,平均去除率高达96.1%.在定水头淹水和侧向补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除主要发生在土柱的上部,而交替淹水落干和定流速补水条件下,土柱中下部对NO3-N也有一定的去除作用.渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除主要取决于系统内部微生物的分布情况,土层中的反硝化细菌数量越大,该土层对NO3-N的去除率就越高.当水温在15~32℃范围内变化时,定水头淹水和交替淹水落干补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除率与温度分别呈指数和幂函数关系.该研究表明土地渗滤系统可实现再生水的进一步净化处理,可为再生水安全回补河湖提供参考.     

阿克苏地区经济发展与建设用地集约利用耦合研究

以阿克苏地区的经济发展与建设用地集约利用的两个子系统为研究对象,基于二者与社会协同理论,同时运用熵值法、统计分析、系统评价和耦合模型等方法对其进行研究。建立阿克苏地区经济发展与建设用地耦合模型,然后对耦合关系进行探讨,揭示经济发展与建设用地集约利用的关系。研究结果表明,阿克苏地区经济发展和建设用地集约利用水平都较低;经济发展—建设用地集约利用系统中两子系统在反正切函数模型中的协调性越来越差;两子系统在经济和建设用地集约利用水平较低时高度耦合,阿克苏地区的经济水平较建设用地集约利用水平快速发展,建设用地集约水平急需改善。     

Impact of traditional soil burning (guie) on Planosol properties and land‐use intensification in south‐western Ethiopia

In the Gilgel Gibe catchment in Ethiopia, local farmers intensify land use on Planosols by adjusting a traditional soil burning practice known as guie. The burning practice used to be applied in a cycle of shifting cultivation. However, more recently, farmers burn small plots to make fertile seedbeds for Eucalyptus seedlings in the first year before these trees are transplanted to larger plots. The purpose of this research was to assess the physico‐chemical properties of Planosols that have been subjected to burning over the last 10 yrs and evaluate the contribution of guie to land‐use intensification of these soils. Transect studies and interviews of local farmers, followed by chemical, physical and micromorphological analyses of samples from selected plots were used to compare the soil properties of recently (0–2 yrs) and formerly (3–10 yrs) burnt Planosols with those of unburnt Planosols. The analytical results show that the burning practice improved nutrient availability in the first 2 yrs after guie. Increased amounts of exchangeable aluminium (Al) were reported in the long term. Charge fingerprints illustrate that the nutrient‐buffering capacity of the soil was high shortly after the practice but subsequently decreased with time. Given the population pressure on the formerly extensively used Planosols, it is argued that the current application of guie on small, localized plots for raising Eucalyptus seedlings is well adapted to the local socio‐economic context and promotes land‐use intensification on the Planosols. The increased exchangeable Al content of former Eucalyptus seedbeds merits further in‐depth research into the biophysical sustainability of the burning practice.     

征地区片综合地价平衡研究──以周口市为例

征地区片价是政府征地时的重要依据,区域之间不合理的征地区片价影响着社会的稳定。为了解决征地区片价之间的平衡问题,笔者以周口市为例,通过建立综合计算指标体系,利用Arc GIS对其进行空间插值,发现现存征地区片价中存在的问题,利用最高级别征地区片价和综合质量分之间的相关关系进行重新平衡调整,建立相应的相关性方程,最后得出平衡后的征地区片价。结果表明:征地区片价的确定是多种因素综合的结果,其区域之间的平衡也受距离、经济、周边地价等多方面的影响,其中,距离中心城镇近的地区最容易受到中心城镇的影响,其综合质量分影响较小,其余位于较外围的地区受综合分值影响较大,交通的便利性是平衡征地区片综合地价的一项关键因素。     

南方旱地作物栽培模式及发展趋势

该文介绍了20世纪80年代以来,我国南方旱地主要作物栽培模式的演变形式,不同栽培模式的技术要点。根据现代农业发展的迫切需求、中国农村劳动力严重缺乏等现状,解析了当前农村土地流转的实际形式以及取得的部分成绩,展望了南方旱地农业,农村产业发展的方向。为南方旱地农业的发展提供借鉴。     

几种缓释肥在盐碱地区夏玉米栽培中的应用研究

[目的]为玉米生产提供技术指导。[方法]采用田间试验，研究4种玉米专用缓释肥对夏玉米的影响。[结果]4种缓释肥处理的增产效果都好于常规施肥，增产幅度为1．O％～24．8％。[结论]效果最好的是芭田复合长效I型缓释肥，比常规施肥增产24．8％。     

活化风蚀坑沙障固沙技术及植被恢复

风蚀坑活化形成的流动沙地直接危害草场,使土地逐渐丧失生产力。结合风蚀坑内风速变化特征,采取风蚀坑及边坡、风蚀坑积沙区沙障固沙技术,恢复风蚀坑植被。结果表明:风蚀坑及边坡设置黄柳沙障3 a,植被覆盖率达到27.0%,植物种为7种;PE纱网沙障植被覆盖率为31.0%,植物种为11种;PLA沙障植被覆盖率达到15.6%,植物种为4种;黄柳+PE复合沙障植被覆盖率达到75.3%,植物种为6种,而对照植被覆盖率为1.6%,植物种2种。在风蚀坑积沙区,设置沙障3 a后,PE纱网沙障植物种达到10种,黄柳+PE沙障为8种,PLA沙障为4种,黄柳沙障6种,而对照为1种;植被覆盖率分别达到50.3%、50.7%、22.7%、40.0%,而对照为4.0%。采取网格或带状PE沙障,带状黄柳+带状PE沙障对风蚀坑植被恢复具有良好效果。     

The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have been installed. The heavy machinery involved results in severe compaction of exposed subsoil. Subsoil is loosened comprehensively and topsoil replaced. Existing field drains are reconnected, and, if necessary, new drains with gravel backfill installed. Pipe installation usually takes place between April and October. Preventative measures to limit compaction during installation are not a practical option. If subsequent arable crops or grass are poorer or drainage more defective than before disturbance, the loss is assessed and compensation paid. To determine the cause of the loss >60, investigations have been made throughout the UK. Soil physical properties were assessed in an open trench using visual and tactile methods. Consistently, severe compaction in the subsoil was identified as the cause of poor crop growth or drainage; it was not observed in the topsoil. Specific recommendations for remedial action were made based on location, depth and severity of the compaction. These included the installation of additional land drains, increasing the amount of gravel above the drains, or further subsoil loosening orientated to cross gravel backfill. After appropriate remedial action, net compensation for crop losses was frequently small or negligible.     

土地规模化经营对农业生态效率影响及城乡市场分割调节作用探析

土地规模化经营是农业生态效率改善的重要动力,但土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率受到城乡市场分割的门槛调节。该研究借助2001—2017年全国30个地区(因数据缺失,西藏及港澳台地区未涵盖,下同)面板数据,运用面板门槛模型,就城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率过程展开研究。结果表明:(1)我国农业生态效率总体向好,但地区间差异悬殊;(2)土地规模化经营驱动农业生态效率改善,但存在城乡市场分割门槛调节,弱市场分割地区土地规模化经营促进农业生态效率,强市场分割地区作用相反;(3)城乡市场分割调节土地规模化经营作用农业生态效率主要通过限制农产品、劳动力、资本城乡合理流动,削弱农业新型经营主体绿色农业发展意愿和能力途径展开;(4)我国多数地区城乡市场分割水平偏高,区域发展中城市资源偏向和工业优先发展突出,需进行及时改革。该研究可为政府制定绿色农业发展策略提供参考依据。